Engineering chemistry 1characteristics and hardness of water. Hard water, water that contains salts of calcium and magnesium principally as bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates. Therefore, the use of sodium hydroxide is only recommended in this case. Depending on the hardness of your water, after using soap to wash you may have felt like there was a film of residue left on your hands. Bch101 engineering chemistry i unit i water technology introduction water is the natures most wonderful, abundant and useful compound. Permanent hardness cannot be removed by boiling but it can be removed by the use of chemical agents. Water resources science program, university of minnesota, 1985 buford avenue, st. Engineering chemistry diploma course in engineering first and second semester distribution of free textbook programme. The hardness of water is due to the presence of soluble bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates of calcium and magnesium. Hardness of water types of hardness engineering chemistry.
A lime dosage range of 30180% of the stoichiometric amount. Hardness is directly related to the mechanical properties of the material. Alkalinity is also a measure of a waters buffering capacity or its ability to resist changes in ph upon the addition of acids or bases. Hardness of water mbd alchemie presents a video that talks about the temporary and permanent hardness of water and various methods for the.
Hardness of water engineering chemistry questions and answers. We have provided chemistry 1st year study materials and lecture notes for cse, ece, eee, it, mech, civil, ane, ae, pce and all other branches. The difference between the two is the bicarbonate alkalinity. Engineering chemistry unit i water treatment chlorine. Chemistry karunya institute of technology and sciences. Determination of water hardness from common water sources using flame atomic absorbance spectrometry jarryd campbell and dan peterson department of chemistry, concordia college, 901 8th st s, moorhead, mn 56562 abstract water hardness is determined by the total concentration of magnesium and calcium.
You may have felt the effects of hard water, literally, the last time you washed your hands. The greater the hardness of materials, the greater resistance it has to deformation. Hardness is a term usually used to characterize water. Jordan university of science and technology faculty of engineering civil engineering department ce 453 environmental lab determination of hardness of water experiment 5 student name. This analysis will utilize the method of titration. Advantages hard water and soft water hardness of water carbonate and noncarbonate hardness. Select the incorrect statement from the following option. Unit i water and its treatment hardness of water types expression of hardness units estimation of hardness of water by edta numerical problems boiler troubles scale and sludge treatment of boiler feed water internal treatment phosphate, colloidal, sodium aluminate and calgon conditioning external treatment ion exchange process, zeolite process. Engineering chemistry pdf notes ec pdf notes smartzworld. Water is the most important compound that is needed for the survival of life on earth. Temporary hardness is due to the bicarbonate ion, hco 3, being present in the water. Variation of equivalent conductivity with dilution. Hardness in water is the character, which prevents the lathering of soap.
Parts per million ppm is the parts of calcium carbonate equivalent hardness per 106 parts of. Complexometric titration of aluminum and magnesium ions in commercial antacids. Cy8151 engineering chemistry syllabus cy8151 syllabus pdf. Engineering chemistry 1st year notes pdf download books. Generally as hardness increases so does yield strength and ultimate tensile strength uts, thus specifications often require the results of hardness tests rather than tensile tests. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the hardness of a water sample by measuring the amount of calcium present. These deposits can make hard water unsuitable for many uses, and so a variety of means have been developed to soften hard water. Sources and impurities of water, hardness of water, expression of hardness units. Water that does not form an immediate lather with soap is called hard water. Hardness in drinkingwater, 2003 this experiment shows a practical application of how chemistry can be used to help deal with real world issues. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. At the conclusion of this unit, a student should able to. Youll also learn the units used for measuring hardness and the different measuring processes you can use at home. Hardness of water by edta titration introduction water hardness is a measure of the amount of hard water cations in water.
Water which does not give lather with soap is hard water. These ions do not pose any health threat, but they can engage in reactions that leave insoluble mineral deposits. Alkalinity alkalinity is a chemical measurement of a waters ability to neutralize acids. An experiment for general and analytical chemistry laboratories.
Determination of the hardness of water one of the factors that establishes the quality of a water supply is its degree of hardness. Testing water with chemical methods to determine hardness can prove useful in preventing the previously mentioned issues of inefficiency that hard water can cause. The acceptable water hardness range is between 60120 mgl as caco 3. Unit i water and its treatment cy8151 hardness of water types expression of hardness units estimation of hardness of water by edta. Conductanceelectrolyte in solution specific conductivity,equivalent conductivity and molar conductivity variation of specific conductivity with dilution. In this lesson, you will understand what makes water hard and why it is a concern. Mishra, chemistry of engineering materials, cengage learning, 3rd edition, 2015. Determination of the hardness of water water hardness. Hardness of water 7 hardness in water is characteristic that prevents the lathering of soap thus water which does not produce lather. Temporary hardness can be removed by boiling the water. Know standards and specifications for the potable water and obtaining the same after sterilization and disinfection. Water hardness of water ii temporary and permanent hardness of water iit jee neet duration.
Therefore, the hardness of materials is important from an engineering standpoint because resistance to wear by either friction or erosion by various elements generally increases with hardness. Hard drinking water may have moderate health benefits, but can pose serious problems in industrial settings, where water hardness is monitored to avoid costly breakdowns in boilers, cooling towers, and other equipment that handles water. Moderate to high hardness water of 150500 ppm can be partially softened by precipitation of the offending species. Estimations of temporary and permanent hardness of water by edta. Determination of total hardness m 2v 2 m 3v 3 where, m 3 total hardness of sample water v 1 volume of sample hard water in conical flask 3. Nov 10, 2015 lab5 determination of hardness of water 1. The simple definition of water hardness is the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in the water. Unit 1 analysis of water,topic is hardness of water. Experiment 1 estimation of hardness of water by edta. Engineering chemistry 1characteristics and hardness of. Hardness of water and methods of water softening notes. The hardness of water is referred to by three types of measurements.
This type of hardness can be removed by boiling the water to expel the co 2, as indicated by the following equation. Total alkalinity is determined by titration of the water sample to the endpoint of the methyl orange indicator, or an approximate ph of 4. Hardness of water is due to the presence of salts of calcium and magnesium. Although water hardness usually measures only the total concentrations of calcium and magnesium the two most prevalent, divalent metal ions, iron, aluminum and manganese may also.
There are two types of water hardness, temporary and permanent. What is water hardness and various types of water hardness. Lab5 determination of hardness of water linkedin slideshare. Engineering chemistry i tamil nadu text book corporation 2.
Here you can download the free lecture notes of engineering chemistry lab manual pdf ec lab manual pdf materials with multiple file links to download. The above procedure is repeated by taking 50ml of given water sample sample to be analysed. Hardness of water temporary and permanent hardness in water. Water is present in the oceans, rivers, ponds, lakes, glaciers, etc. Jun 02, 2018 unit 1 analysis of water,topic is hardness of water. In hard water, soap reacts with the calcium which is relatively high in hard water to. Hardness is defined as calcium and magnesium ion content. Typically, the water produced by fairfax water is considered moderately hard to hard. The most common compounds are calcium bicarbonate ca hco32, magnesium bicarbonate mg hco32, calcium sulphate caso4 and magnesium sulphate mgso4. Check out engineering chemistry 1st year notes pdf free download. Define hardness and know how to estimate the hardness 2. Permanent hardness can be removed by the softening conditioning process. Engineering chemistry unit i water treatment free download as pdf file. Engineering chemistry lab manual pdf ec lab manual pdf.
Hardness of water engineering chemistry questions and. Abu shmeis, in comprehensive analytical chemistry, 2018. Hence, according to equation 1 ph of deionized water is equal to 7. Engineering chemistry notes 1st year notes download. Factors influencing hardness include microstructure, grain size, strain hardening, etc. Sources and impurities of water, hardness of water, expression of hardnessunits. Determination of the hardness of water water hardness designation. Of the many essential elements for the existence of human beings, animals and plants, water is rated to be of greatest importance. Pdf cy8151 engineering chemistry lecture notes, books. This is due to the presence of dissolved chlorides and. A water softening experiment was conducted in replicate to observe the changes in parameters such as total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, alkalinity and ph with varying dosages of lime. Water hardness is a measure of the amount of calcium and magnesium present and is reported as parts per million as calcium carbonate. Numerical problems boiler troubles scale and sludge.
These hard water cations include calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and the other polyvalent metal ions. Hardness of water is due to the presence of salts of a potassium b chlorine c magnesium d boron view answer 2. A text book of environmental chemistry and pollution control s. Chemistry 201 laboratory fall 2008 page 1 of 3 experiment 1. Hard water is high in dissolved minerals, largely calcium and magnesium. To mention, complexometric titrations to find hardness of water, colorimetric estimations to find the amount of iron in the cement, understanding the basic concepts of electrochemistry like. Practically it is the sum of calcium and magnesium ions which are predominant cations in natural waters. Hardness of water is due to the presence of soluble calcium, magnesium or iron compounds. Cy8151 engineering chemistry unit i water and its treatment hardness of water types expression of hardness units estimation of hardness of water by edta numerical problems boiler troubles scale and sludge treatment of boiler feed water internal treatment phosphate, colloidal, sodium aluminate and calgon conditioning external treatment ion exchange. Experiment 1 estimation of hardness of water by edta method.
Carbonate alkalinity is determined by titration of the water sample to the phenolphthalein indicator endpoint, or approximately a ph of 8. Technically, it is the sum total of all polyvalent cations. Note water may contain minerals and yet not be considered hard, by this definition. Pdf removal of hardness in wastewater effluent using.
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